Update:
Here's a better approach to Automatic Resource Management in Scala.
I didn't plan on writing a follow-up to my
first post on ARM Blocks in Scala, but I think I will be able to improve upon some things. I don't plan on any future posts on this topic, but I will not hesitate to do another one if sufficient progress can being made.
Here's where we left off with Arm:
object Arm {
type CloseType = { def close() }
def manage(resources: CloseType*)(block: => Unit)
(implicit exceptionHandler: (Exception) => Unit) = {
try {
block
} finally {
resources.foreach( resource => {
try {
resource.close()
} catch {
case e: Exception =>
try {
exceptionHandler(e)
} catch {
case fatal: Throwable => fatal.printStackTrace() //last resort
}
}
})
}
}
}
Motivation
I chose to write a follow-up because of a couple of important omissions that I made in my previous post. The first and foremost is that of resource initialization (as "helium" pointed out). The problem is that resource initialization happens outside of the scope of the Arm.manage method. This violates the principle motivation for ARM Blocks by forcing the developer to
correctly handle resource disposal in the case that one or more resources is initialized successfully and others are not.
For example:
val reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("test.txt"))
val writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("test_copy.txt"))
If
reader initializes successfully and
writer does not,
reader needs to be closed. This is exactly the type of problem we were trying to avoid with ARM Blocks in the first place. I didn't have a solution for this problem at the time, but I forgot to mention it in my post - a mistake on my part.
Secondly, I didn't mention how an exception within the block of code itself should/would be handled. This means that one would have to wrap the entire call to Arm.manage in a try/catch block in order to handle any exceptions that may occur inside the block itself. Not ideal.
In this post, I hope to address these two concerns. The solution I present here is by no means the best solution, and I am confident it can be improved upon as well.
For starters, let's take care of the first issue, which is the easier of the two:
object Arm {
type CloseType = { def close() }
def manage(resources: CloseType*)(block: => Unit)
(implicit exceptionHandler: (Exception) => Unit) = {
try {
try {
block
} catch {
case e: Exception => exceptionHandler(e)
}
} finally {
resources.foreach( resource => {
try {
if (resource != null)
resource.close()
} catch {
case e: Exception =>
try {
exceptionHandler(e)
} catch {
case fatal: Throwable => fatal.printStackTrace() //last resort
}
}
})
}
}
}
Here we reuse the existing exception handler function. This is more convenient that declaring two different exception handlers, but has the issue of knowing if the exception being handled occurred upon closing or in the block itself. We will correct this after we address the second issue.
The issue of initialization is a more complicated one. The approach taken here is to define an initialization function, much like our exception handling function. It should be implicit as well in the case that resources have already been initialized and no initialization is necessary. Here's an attempt:
object Arm {
implicit def defaultInitializer() = {}
implicit def defaultExceptionHandler(e: Exception) = {}
type CloseType = { def close() }
def manage(resources: (() => CloseType)*)(block: => Unit)
(implicit initializer: () => Unit, exceptionHandler: (Exception) => Unit) = {
try {
try {
initializer()
block
} catch {
case e: Exception => exceptionHandler(e)
}
} finally {
resources.foreach( resource => {
try {
val value = resource()
if (value != null)
value.close()
} catch {
case e: Exception =>
try {
exceptionHandler(e)
} catch {
case fatal: Throwable => fatal.printStackTrace() //last resort
}
}
})
}
}
}
Here we define a default initializer as well as a default exception handler. Defining the exception handler is not really necessary because of the implicit identity function in Scala's Predef, but defining the default initializer may be helpful. In Arm.manage, the initialization and exception handling functions are included in the list of implicit parameters. Only one such list is allowed in the Scala language and it is required to be the last list of params. Also, if we are to use an initialization function, the resources themselves cannot be passed as arguments because it will be call-by-value (i.e. in Arm.manage, they will remain uninitialized). Instead, we use call-by-name and accept an arbitrary number of functions that return resources - remember that methods are functions in Scala. This is a necessary change, but adds a bit of clutter when it comes to usage. We will save an example until later because of a deficiency in this implementation.
In this version of Arm.manage, when an exception occurs and our handler is called, we have no idea if the exception happened in initialization, in the block of code, or when trying to close the resources.
Let's address this issue:
object Arm {
abstract class ManagementException(val cause: Exception) extends Exception(cause) {
override def getCause() = cause
}
class InitializationException(cause: Exception) extends ManagementException(cause)
class ExecutionException(cause: Exception) extends ManagementException(cause)
class ClosingException(cause: Exception) extends ManagementException(cause)
implicit def defaultInitializer() = {}
implicit def defaultExceptionHandler(e: ManagementException) = {}
type CloseType = { def close() }
def manage(resources: (() => CloseType)*)(block: => Unit)
(implicit initializer: () => Unit, exceptionHandler: (ManagementException) => Unit) = {
try {
var executeBlock = true
try {
initializer() //initialize the resources
} catch {
//forward exceptions to the handler
case e: Exception =>
executeBlock = false //do not continue if initialization fails
exceptionHandler(new InitializationException(e))
}
if (executeBlock) {
try {
block // execute the block
} catch {
//forward exceptions to the handler
case e: Exception => exceptionHandler(new ExecutionException(e))
}
}
} finally {
//close all of the resources properly
resources.foreach( resource => {
try {
val value = resource()
if (value != null)
value.close()
} catch {
case e: Exception =>
try {
exceptionHandler(new ClosingException(e))
} catch {
case fatal: Throwable => fatal.printStackTrace() //last resort
}
}
})
}
}
}
So now, our exception handler signature takes a ManagementException, which has the original exception as its cause - accessable by e.cause or e.getCause(). We know, based on the type of ManagementException, where it is coming from. Instead, we could define three different exception handling methods, but I think it's easier to use if we only have to define (at most) one exception handler.
Let's see an example:
var reader: BufferedReader = null
var writer: BufferedWriter = null
def getReader() = reader
def getWriter() = writer
def initResources() = {
reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("test.txt"))
writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("test_copy.txt"))
}
def handle(e: ManagementException) = {
e match {
case ie: InitializationException =>
println("Failed to initialize: " + ie.getCause())
case ee: ExecutionException =>
println("Could not copy files: " + ee.getCause())
case ce: ClosingException =>
println("Failed to close a resource: " + ce.getCause())
}
}
//copy a file, line by line
manage(getReader, getWriter) {
var line = reader.readLine
while (line != null) {
writer.write(line)
writer.newLine
line = reader.readLine
}
} (initResources, handle)
This one passes the methods for initialization and exception handling as explicit parameters.
Here's the same example with a different approach:
var reader: BufferedReader = null
var writer: BufferedWriter = null
implicit def initResources() = {
reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("test.txt"))
writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("test_copy.txt"))
}
implicit def handle(e: ManagementException) = {
e match {
case ie: InitializationException =>
println("Failed to initialize: " + ie.getCause())
case ee: ExecutionException =>
println("Could not copy files: " + ee.getCause())
case ce: ClosingException =>
println("Failed to close a resource: " + ce.getCause())
}
}
//copy a file, line by line
manage(() => reader, () => writer) {
var line = reader.readLine
while (line != null) {
writer.write(line)
writer.newLine
line = reader.readLine
}
}
This one uses implicit defs for our initialization and exception handling functions. For this to work, we cannot import the implicit defs of these functions from Arm because they would conflict. I should point out that if you provide one function explicitly, you have to provide the other explicitly as well. Also, this example defines getters for reader and writer "inline".
Room for Improvement
The new syntax is not nearly as easy to read as the original. This concession was necessary, though, for the sake of completeness. The problem of an exception thrown from the handler still remains from the first post, as well.
A couple of readers pointed me toward scalax, which provides a
ManagedResource class which provides the same functionality using for-comprehensions. I took a look at it and it looks pretty well done, but I haven't yet had an opportunity to use it so I can't comment on how it works in practice. I would be interested to see an example of this which manages more than one resource.
